Review Artikel: Metode Ekstraksi DNA Genom untuk Tanaman Tinggi Kandungan Polisakarida dan Metabolit Sekunder
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Abstract
Ekstraksi DNA merupakan tahap awal yang menentukan kuantitas dan kualitas DNA genom yang diperoleh. Penggunaan daun muda pada tanaman tahunan tidak selalu ada, alternatifnya menggunakan daun agak tua, namun banyak mengandung polifenol dan polisakarida. Tujuan artikel review ini untuk menjelaskan terkait modifikasi metode ekstraksi DNA yang efektif untuk tanaman dengan kandungan tinggi polisakarida dan polifenol. Modifikasi metode ekstraksi DNA tanaman seringkali perlu dilakukan karena tiap tanaman mengandung metabolit yang berbeda sehingga perlu penanganan yang berbeda pula. Terdapat berbagai metode ekstraksi DNA tanaman. Metode CTAB merupakan metode yang paling banyak digunakan dan dikembangkan. Modifikasi metode dilakukan untuk mendapatkan DNA genom yang berkualitas, melalui peningkatan konsentrasi TrisHCL, β-mercaptoethanol, NaCl, dan PVP, pengulangan tahapan purifikasi, ataupun penambahan kemikalia seperti RNAse. Modifikasi dilakukan disesuaikan dengan jenis tanaman yang digunakan, sehingga optimasi diawal perlu dilakukan untuk menentukan metode yang tepat. Perbandingan modifikasi ekstraksi pada beberapa jenis tanaman pada tiap tahapan ekstraksi serta pengaruhnya pada kualitas DNA yang diperoleh dapat menjadi tolak ukur dalam penentuan modifikasi yang akan dilakukan disesuaikan dengan jenis tanaman yang akan diuji.
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Sari, V. K., & Restanto, D. P. (2022). Review Artikel: Metode Ekstraksi DNA Genom untuk Tanaman Tinggi Kandungan Polisakarida dan Metabolit Sekunder. Agroteknika, 5(2), 118-129. https://doi.org/10.55043/agroteknika.v5i2.155
References
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Amani, J., Kazemi, R., Abbasi, A. R., & Samanian, A. H. (2011). A simple and rapid leaf genomic DNA extraction method for polymerase chain reaction analysis. Iranian J.Biotech, 9(1), 69-71 http://www.ijbiotech.com/article_7144_1146.html
Anuradha, H., K. Vijayan, C. Nair, & A. Manjula. (2013). A Novel and Efficient Protocol for The Isolation of Genomic DNA from Mulberry (Morus L.). Emirates Journal of Food and Agriculture, 25(2), 124-31 https://doi.org/10.9755/ejfa.v25i2.11660
Ardiana, D.W. 2009. Teknik isolasi DNA genom tanaman pepaya dan jeruk dengan menggunakan modifikasi buffer CTAB. Buletin Teknik Pertanian 14(1): 12-16. Boso, S., Alonso-Villaverde, V., Martinez, M. C. & Kassemeyer, H.H. (2012). Quantification of Stilbenes in Vitis Genotypes with Different Levels of Resistance to Plasmopara viticola Infection. American Journal of Enology and Viticulture, 63, 419-423. http://dx.doi.org/10.5344/ajev.2012.11127
Chathrath, P., Choudhary, M., & Tarafdar, A. (2013). An efficient protocol for genomic DNA isolation from field grown mature leaves of Penniseteum gluacum. J. Biotecth. 8(8), 30-34.
Chaudhry, B., A. Yasmeen, T. Husnain, & S. Riazuddin. (1999). Mini-scale genomic DNA extraction from cotton. Plant Molecular Biology Reporter, 17, 1–7. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/A:1007629715971
Chacon-Cortes D. & Griffiths L. (2014). Methods for extracting genomic DNA from whole blood samples: current perspectives. Journal of Biorepository Science for Applied Medicine 2, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.2147/BSAM.S46573
Chen, H., M. Rangasamy, S. Y. Tan, H. Wang & B. D. Siegfried. (2010). Evaluation of five methods for total DNA extraction from western corn rootworm beetles. Plos One. 5(8), 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0011963
Couch, J. A., & Fritz, P. J. (1990). Isolation of DNA from plants high in polyphenolics. Plant Molecular Biology Reporter, 8 (1), 8–12. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02668875
Dairawan, M., and Shetty, P. J. (2020). The Evolution of DNA Extraction Methods. AJBSR.MS, 8(1), ID.001234. https://doi.org/10.34297/AJBSR.2020.08.001234
Dehestani, A. & S. K. K. Tabar. (2007). A rapid efficient method for DNA isolation from plants with high levels of secondary metabolites. Asian J. Plant Sci. 6(6): 977- 981
Doyle, J. J. & Doyle, J. L. (1987). A Rapid DNA Isolation Procedure for Small Quantities of Fresh Leaf Tissue. Phy-tochemical Bulletin, 19, 11-15. https://worldveg.tind.io/record/33886/
Doyle, J. J. and Doyle, J. L. (1990) Isolation of plant DNA from fresh tissue. Focus, 12, 13-15.
Devi, K. D., Punyarani, K., Singh, N. S., & Devi, H. S. (2013). An efficient protocol for total DNA extraction from the members of order Zingiberales-suitable for diverse PCR based downstream applications. SpringerPlus, 2, 669. https://doi.org/10.1186/2193-1801-2-669
Fang, G. S., Hammer & Grumet, R. (1992). A quick and inexpensive method for removing polysaccharides from plant genomic DNA. Biotechniques 13(1), 52-57. https://europepmc.org/article/med/1503775
Flagel, L., Christensen, J. R., Gustus, C. D., Smith, K. P., Olhoft, P. M., Somers, D. A., & Matthews, P. D. (2005). Inexpensive, High Throughput Microplate Format for Plant Nucleic Acid Extraction: Suitable for Multiplex Southern Analyses of Transgenes. Crop Sci., 45(5), 1985-1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.2135/cropsci2004.0657
Jose, J. & R. Usha. (2000). Extraction of geminiviral DNA from a high mucilaginous plant (Abelmoschus esculenthus). Plant Mol.Biol.Rep. 18:349-355. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02825062
Landolino, A. B., Goes DaSilva, F., Lim, H., Cho, H., Williams, L. E. & Cook, D. R. (2004). High-Quality RNA, cDNA, and Derived EST Libraries from Grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.). Plant Molecular Biology Reporter, 22, 269-278. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02773137
Kotchoni, S. O., E. W. Gachomo, & J. C. Jimenez-Lopez. (2011). A plant cocktail amenable for PCR-based genetic analysis in Arabidopsis thaliana. Mol. Biol. Rep., 38, pp. 5281-5284 https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11033-011-0677-6
Kumar, A., & Kumari, K. (2022). Standardization of Genomic DNA isolation method from mature leaves and SSR-PCR conditions for Flemingia semialata an Alternative Lac Host Plant. Research Square. https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-1572016/v1
Lebas B. S. M. (2002). Diversity of viruses infecting yams Dioscorea species in the South Pacific. Ph.D. thesis, The University of Greenwich Chatham Maritime, 157-181.
Mace E. S, Buhariwalla H. K, & Crouch J. H. (2003). A high-throughput DNA extraction protocol for tropical molecular breeding programs. Plant Mol Biol Rep. 21, 459a-459h. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02772596
Michiels A, Van den Ende W, Tucker M, Van Riet L, & Van Laere A. (2003). Extraction of high-quality genomic DNA from latex-containing plants. Anal Biochem. 315(1), 85-89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0003-2697(02)00665-6
Milligan, B.G. (1992). Plant DNA Isolation. In: A.R. Hoelzel (Ed). Molecular Genetic Analysis of Populations. A Practical Approach. New York, US: Oxford University Press.
Moreira, P.A., & D. A. Oliveira. (2011). Leaf age affects the quality of DNA extracted from Dimorphandra mollis (Fabaceae), a tropical tree species from the Cerrado region of Brazil. Genetics and Molecular Research, 10(1), 353–358. https://doi.org/10.4238/vol10-1gmr1030
Murray, M.G., & Thompson, W.F. (1980). Rapid isolation of high molecular weight plant DNA. Nucleic Acids Res, 8(19), 4321-4325. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nar/8.19.4321
Paterson, A. H., C. L. Brubaker, & J. F. Wendel. (1993). A rapid method for extraction of cotton (Gossypium spp.) genomic DNA suitable for RFLP or PCR analysis. Plant Molecular Biology Reporter, 11(2), 122–127. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02670470
Porebski, S., L. G. Bailey, & B. R. Baum. (1997). Modification of a CTAB DNA extraction protocol for plants containing high polysaccharide and polyphenol components. Plant Molecular Biology Reporter. 15(1), 8-15. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02772108
Rathnayake, A. S., Allué, J., Llugany, M., Puig-Pujol, A., Hirimburegama, K. & Poschenrieder, C. (2014). High Quality DNA Obtained from a Single Seed of Vitis vinifera L. Using Rapid DNA Extraction Method. American Journal of Plant Sciences, 5, 2023-2030. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ajps.2014.513217
Reynolds, M. M, & Williams, C.G. (2004). Extracting DNA from submerged pine wood. Genome. 47(5): 994-997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g04-045
Restu, Mukrimin, & Gusmiaty. (2012). Optimasi Teknik Ekstraksi dan Isolasi DNA Tanaman Suren (Toona Sureni Merr.) untuk Analisis Keragaman Genetik berdasarkan RAPD. Jurnal Natur Indoensia 14(2), 138-142. http://dx.doi.org/10.31258/jnat.14.1.138-142
Richards E, Reichardt M, & Rogers S. (1997). Preparation of genomic DNA from plant tissue. Curr Protoc Mol Biol. 1: 2-3.1 to 2.3.7. https://doi.org/10.1002/0471142727.mb0203s27
Ribeiro, R. A. & M. B. Lovato. (2007). Comparative analysis of different DNA extraction protocols in fresh and herbarium specimens of the genus Dalbergia. Genet. Mol. Res. 6,173-187. https://www.geneticsmr.com/sites/default/files/articles/year2007/vol6-1/pdf/gmr0278.pdf
Saghai-Maroof, M. A., K. M. Soliman, R. A. Jorgensen, & R. W. Allard. (1984). Ribosomal DNA spacer-length polymorphisms in barley: Mendelian inheritance, chromosomal location, and population dynamics. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 81(24), 8014–8018. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.81.24.8014
Sahu, S.K., Thangaraj, M., & Kathiresan, K. (2012). DNA Extraction Protocol for Plants with High Levels of Secondary Metabolites and Polysaccharides without Using Liquid Nitrogen and Phenol. ISRN Molecular Biology. Vol 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.5402/2012/205049
Sambrook, J., & D. W. Russell. (2001). Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual. New York, USA: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press.
Sari, V.K, & Murti, R.H. (2015). An Effective Method for DNA Extraction of Mature Leaf of Sapodilla (Manilkara zapota (L.) van Royen). Agrivita 37(1),18-23 http://dx.doi.org/10.17503/Agrivita-2015-37-1-p018-023
Sari, V. K., Wulandari, R. A., & Murti, R. H. (2018). Study on Diversity of Sapodilla (Manilkara zapota) by Molecular Marker in the Special Region of Yogyakarta. Agrivita, 40(2), 295-303. http://doi.org/10.17503/agrivita.v40i2.925
Shankar, K., Chavan, L., Shinde, S., & Patil, B. (2011). An Improved DNA Extraction Protocol from Four in Vitro Banana Cultivars. Asian J. of Biotech. 3(1), 84-90 https://doi.org/10.3923/ajbkr.2011.84.90
Sika, K. C., Kefela, T., Adoukonou-Sagbadja, H., Ahoton, L., Saidou, A., Baba-Moussa, L. & Gachomo, E. W. (2015). A simple and efficient genomic DNA extraction protocol for large scale genetic analyses of plant biological systems. Plant Gene, 1, 43-45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plgene.2015.03.001
Surzycki, S. (2000). Basic Techniques in Molecular Biology. Berlin, Heidelberg. New York, US: Springer-Verlag.
Small, R. L., R. C. Cronn & J. F. Wendel. (2004). The use of nuclear genes for phylogeny reconstruction in plants. Aust. Syst. Bot. 17(2), 145-170. https://doi.org/10.1071/SB03015
Syafaruddin & Santoso, T.J. (2011). Optimasi teknik isolasi dan purifikasi DNA yang efisien dan efektif pada kemiri sunan (Reutalis trisperma (Blanco) Airy Shaw). J. Litri. 17(1), 11-17. http://repository.pertanian.go.id/handle/123456789/1705
Turaki A. A., Ahmad B., Magaji U.F., Abdulrazak U.K., Yusuf B.A., & Hamza A.B. (2017). Optimised cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) DNA extraction method of plant leaf with high polysaccharide and polyphenolic compounds for downstream reliable molecular analysis. African Journal of Biotechnology 16(24), 1354-1365, https://doi.org/10.5897/AJB2017.15942
Utami, A., Meryalita, R., Prihatin, N. A., Ambarsari, L., Kurniatin, P. A., & Nurcholis, W. (2012). Variation methods of DNA isolation from leaf of temulawak (Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb.). In Proceedings of the National Conference of Chemistry. Unesa, Surabaya (pp. 205-214).
Wilkins, T.A. & Smart, L. B. (1996). “Isolation of RNA from Plant Tissue. Di dalam: Krieg, P.A. (ed). A Laboratory Guide to RNA. Isolation, Analysis & Synthesis”. New York, US: Wiley – Liss.
Xin, Z., & Chen, J. (2012). A high throughput DNA extraction method with high yield and quality. Plant Methods, 8. https://doi.org/10.1186/1746-4811-8-26
Amani, J., Kazemi, R., Abbasi, A. R., & Samanian, A. H. (2011). A simple and rapid leaf genomic DNA extraction method for polymerase chain reaction analysis. Iranian J.Biotech, 9(1), 69-71 http://www.ijbiotech.com/article_7144_1146.html
Anuradha, H., K. Vijayan, C. Nair, & A. Manjula. (2013). A Novel and Efficient Protocol for The Isolation of Genomic DNA from Mulberry (Morus L.). Emirates Journal of Food and Agriculture, 25(2), 124-31 https://doi.org/10.9755/ejfa.v25i2.11660
Ardiana, D.W. 2009. Teknik isolasi DNA genom tanaman pepaya dan jeruk dengan menggunakan modifikasi buffer CTAB. Buletin Teknik Pertanian 14(1): 12-16. Boso, S., Alonso-Villaverde, V., Martinez, M. C. & Kassemeyer, H.H. (2012). Quantification of Stilbenes in Vitis Genotypes with Different Levels of Resistance to Plasmopara viticola Infection. American Journal of Enology and Viticulture, 63, 419-423. http://dx.doi.org/10.5344/ajev.2012.11127
Chathrath, P., Choudhary, M., & Tarafdar, A. (2013). An efficient protocol for genomic DNA isolation from field grown mature leaves of Penniseteum gluacum. J. Biotecth. 8(8), 30-34.
Chaudhry, B., A. Yasmeen, T. Husnain, & S. Riazuddin. (1999). Mini-scale genomic DNA extraction from cotton. Plant Molecular Biology Reporter, 17, 1–7. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/A:1007629715971
Chacon-Cortes D. & Griffiths L. (2014). Methods for extracting genomic DNA from whole blood samples: current perspectives. Journal of Biorepository Science for Applied Medicine 2, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.2147/BSAM.S46573
Chen, H., M. Rangasamy, S. Y. Tan, H. Wang & B. D. Siegfried. (2010). Evaluation of five methods for total DNA extraction from western corn rootworm beetles. Plos One. 5(8), 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0011963
Couch, J. A., & Fritz, P. J. (1990). Isolation of DNA from plants high in polyphenolics. Plant Molecular Biology Reporter, 8 (1), 8–12. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02668875
Dairawan, M., and Shetty, P. J. (2020). The Evolution of DNA Extraction Methods. AJBSR.MS, 8(1), ID.001234. https://doi.org/10.34297/AJBSR.2020.08.001234
Dehestani, A. & S. K. K. Tabar. (2007). A rapid efficient method for DNA isolation from plants with high levels of secondary metabolites. Asian J. Plant Sci. 6(6): 977- 981
Doyle, J. J. & Doyle, J. L. (1987). A Rapid DNA Isolation Procedure for Small Quantities of Fresh Leaf Tissue. Phy-tochemical Bulletin, 19, 11-15. https://worldveg.tind.io/record/33886/
Doyle, J. J. and Doyle, J. L. (1990) Isolation of plant DNA from fresh tissue. Focus, 12, 13-15.
Devi, K. D., Punyarani, K., Singh, N. S., & Devi, H. S. (2013). An efficient protocol for total DNA extraction from the members of order Zingiberales-suitable for diverse PCR based downstream applications. SpringerPlus, 2, 669. https://doi.org/10.1186/2193-1801-2-669
Fang, G. S., Hammer & Grumet, R. (1992). A quick and inexpensive method for removing polysaccharides from plant genomic DNA. Biotechniques 13(1), 52-57. https://europepmc.org/article/med/1503775
Flagel, L., Christensen, J. R., Gustus, C. D., Smith, K. P., Olhoft, P. M., Somers, D. A., & Matthews, P. D. (2005). Inexpensive, High Throughput Microplate Format for Plant Nucleic Acid Extraction: Suitable for Multiplex Southern Analyses of Transgenes. Crop Sci., 45(5), 1985-1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.2135/cropsci2004.0657
Jose, J. & R. Usha. (2000). Extraction of geminiviral DNA from a high mucilaginous plant (Abelmoschus esculenthus). Plant Mol.Biol.Rep. 18:349-355. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02825062
Landolino, A. B., Goes DaSilva, F., Lim, H., Cho, H., Williams, L. E. & Cook, D. R. (2004). High-Quality RNA, cDNA, and Derived EST Libraries from Grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.). Plant Molecular Biology Reporter, 22, 269-278. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02773137
Kotchoni, S. O., E. W. Gachomo, & J. C. Jimenez-Lopez. (2011). A plant cocktail amenable for PCR-based genetic analysis in Arabidopsis thaliana. Mol. Biol. Rep., 38, pp. 5281-5284 https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11033-011-0677-6
Kumar, A., & Kumari, K. (2022). Standardization of Genomic DNA isolation method from mature leaves and SSR-PCR conditions for Flemingia semialata an Alternative Lac Host Plant. Research Square. https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-1572016/v1
Lebas B. S. M. (2002). Diversity of viruses infecting yams Dioscorea species in the South Pacific. Ph.D. thesis, The University of Greenwich Chatham Maritime, 157-181.
Mace E. S, Buhariwalla H. K, & Crouch J. H. (2003). A high-throughput DNA extraction protocol for tropical molecular breeding programs. Plant Mol Biol Rep. 21, 459a-459h. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02772596
Michiels A, Van den Ende W, Tucker M, Van Riet L, & Van Laere A. (2003). Extraction of high-quality genomic DNA from latex-containing plants. Anal Biochem. 315(1), 85-89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0003-2697(02)00665-6
Milligan, B.G. (1992). Plant DNA Isolation. In: A.R. Hoelzel (Ed). Molecular Genetic Analysis of Populations. A Practical Approach. New York, US: Oxford University Press.
Moreira, P.A., & D. A. Oliveira. (2011). Leaf age affects the quality of DNA extracted from Dimorphandra mollis (Fabaceae), a tropical tree species from the Cerrado region of Brazil. Genetics and Molecular Research, 10(1), 353–358. https://doi.org/10.4238/vol10-1gmr1030
Murray, M.G., & Thompson, W.F. (1980). Rapid isolation of high molecular weight plant DNA. Nucleic Acids Res, 8(19), 4321-4325. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nar/8.19.4321
Paterson, A. H., C. L. Brubaker, & J. F. Wendel. (1993). A rapid method for extraction of cotton (Gossypium spp.) genomic DNA suitable for RFLP or PCR analysis. Plant Molecular Biology Reporter, 11(2), 122–127. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02670470
Porebski, S., L. G. Bailey, & B. R. Baum. (1997). Modification of a CTAB DNA extraction protocol for plants containing high polysaccharide and polyphenol components. Plant Molecular Biology Reporter. 15(1), 8-15. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02772108
Rathnayake, A. S., Allué, J., Llugany, M., Puig-Pujol, A., Hirimburegama, K. & Poschenrieder, C. (2014). High Quality DNA Obtained from a Single Seed of Vitis vinifera L. Using Rapid DNA Extraction Method. American Journal of Plant Sciences, 5, 2023-2030. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ajps.2014.513217
Reynolds, M. M, & Williams, C.G. (2004). Extracting DNA from submerged pine wood. Genome. 47(5): 994-997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g04-045
Restu, Mukrimin, & Gusmiaty. (2012). Optimasi Teknik Ekstraksi dan Isolasi DNA Tanaman Suren (Toona Sureni Merr.) untuk Analisis Keragaman Genetik berdasarkan RAPD. Jurnal Natur Indoensia 14(2), 138-142. http://dx.doi.org/10.31258/jnat.14.1.138-142
Richards E, Reichardt M, & Rogers S. (1997). Preparation of genomic DNA from plant tissue. Curr Protoc Mol Biol. 1: 2-3.1 to 2.3.7. https://doi.org/10.1002/0471142727.mb0203s27
Ribeiro, R. A. & M. B. Lovato. (2007). Comparative analysis of different DNA extraction protocols in fresh and herbarium specimens of the genus Dalbergia. Genet. Mol. Res. 6,173-187. https://www.geneticsmr.com/sites/default/files/articles/year2007/vol6-1/pdf/gmr0278.pdf
Saghai-Maroof, M. A., K. M. Soliman, R. A. Jorgensen, & R. W. Allard. (1984). Ribosomal DNA spacer-length polymorphisms in barley: Mendelian inheritance, chromosomal location, and population dynamics. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 81(24), 8014–8018. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.81.24.8014
Sahu, S.K., Thangaraj, M., & Kathiresan, K. (2012). DNA Extraction Protocol for Plants with High Levels of Secondary Metabolites and Polysaccharides without Using Liquid Nitrogen and Phenol. ISRN Molecular Biology. Vol 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.5402/2012/205049
Sambrook, J., & D. W. Russell. (2001). Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual. New York, USA: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press.
Sari, V.K, & Murti, R.H. (2015). An Effective Method for DNA Extraction of Mature Leaf of Sapodilla (Manilkara zapota (L.) van Royen). Agrivita 37(1),18-23 http://dx.doi.org/10.17503/Agrivita-2015-37-1-p018-023
Sari, V. K., Wulandari, R. A., & Murti, R. H. (2018). Study on Diversity of Sapodilla (Manilkara zapota) by Molecular Marker in the Special Region of Yogyakarta. Agrivita, 40(2), 295-303. http://doi.org/10.17503/agrivita.v40i2.925
Shankar, K., Chavan, L., Shinde, S., & Patil, B. (2011). An Improved DNA Extraction Protocol from Four in Vitro Banana Cultivars. Asian J. of Biotech. 3(1), 84-90 https://doi.org/10.3923/ajbkr.2011.84.90
Sika, K. C., Kefela, T., Adoukonou-Sagbadja, H., Ahoton, L., Saidou, A., Baba-Moussa, L. & Gachomo, E. W. (2015). A simple and efficient genomic DNA extraction protocol for large scale genetic analyses of plant biological systems. Plant Gene, 1, 43-45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plgene.2015.03.001
Surzycki, S. (2000). Basic Techniques in Molecular Biology. Berlin, Heidelberg. New York, US: Springer-Verlag.
Small, R. L., R. C. Cronn & J. F. Wendel. (2004). The use of nuclear genes for phylogeny reconstruction in plants. Aust. Syst. Bot. 17(2), 145-170. https://doi.org/10.1071/SB03015
Syafaruddin & Santoso, T.J. (2011). Optimasi teknik isolasi dan purifikasi DNA yang efisien dan efektif pada kemiri sunan (Reutalis trisperma (Blanco) Airy Shaw). J. Litri. 17(1), 11-17. http://repository.pertanian.go.id/handle/123456789/1705
Turaki A. A., Ahmad B., Magaji U.F., Abdulrazak U.K., Yusuf B.A., & Hamza A.B. (2017). Optimised cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) DNA extraction method of plant leaf with high polysaccharide and polyphenolic compounds for downstream reliable molecular analysis. African Journal of Biotechnology 16(24), 1354-1365, https://doi.org/10.5897/AJB2017.15942
Utami, A., Meryalita, R., Prihatin, N. A., Ambarsari, L., Kurniatin, P. A., & Nurcholis, W. (2012). Variation methods of DNA isolation from leaf of temulawak (Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb.). In Proceedings of the National Conference of Chemistry. Unesa, Surabaya (pp. 205-214).
Wilkins, T.A. & Smart, L. B. (1996). “Isolation of RNA from Plant Tissue. Di dalam: Krieg, P.A. (ed). A Laboratory Guide to RNA. Isolation, Analysis & Synthesis”. New York, US: Wiley – Liss.
Xin, Z., & Chen, J. (2012). A high throughput DNA extraction method with high yield and quality. Plant Methods, 8. https://doi.org/10.1186/1746-4811-8-26