Artikel Reviu: Dampak Salinitas pada Kesuburan Tanah serta Respons Fisiologi Tanaman
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Abstract
Produktivitas tanaman menurun akibat pengaruh cekaman abiotik, terutama salinitas. Salinitas menimbulkan gangguan fisiologis dan biokimia pada tanaman, termasuk perubahan pada fotosintesis, penyerapan air, serta respirasi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji secara komprehensif pengaruh salinitas terhadap kesuburan tanah dan respon fisiologis tanaman. Kajian dilakukan melalui pendekatan literatur reviu terhadap 51 referensi yang terdiri dari jurnal internasional, prosiding, dan buku yang dianalisis secara deskriptif kualitatif dalam bentuk artikel reviu. Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahwa peningkatan kadar garam di tanah menyebabkan kerusakan struktur tanah, menurunkan konduktivitas hidrolik, mengganggu ketersediaan hara, dan menekan aktivitas mikroba tanah. Secara fisiologis, salinitas menurunkan rasio K⁺/Na⁺, menghambat fotosintesis, mengurangi penyerapan air, serta memicu pembentukan Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) yang merusak sel tanaman. Pada fase perkecambahan, salinitas menurunkan laju respirasi melalui penghambatan glikolisis dan aktivitas enzim-enzim kunci seperti heksokinase (HK), fosfofruktokinase (PFK), dan piruvat kinase (PK). Sementara itu, pada fase vegetatif dan generatif, gangguan respirasi meluas ke tingkat mitokondria melalui penurunan efisiensi rantai transpor elektron, sintesis ATP, dan peningkatan ROS. Secara keseluruhan, salinitas terbukti menurunkan kesuburan tanah dan efisiensi metabolisme tanaman, yang berimplikasi langsung terhadap penurunan pertumbuhan dan hasil.
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How to Cite
Yusuf, M., Rupang, M. S., Sembiring, J., Anwar, A., Ekowati, N. Y., Mekiuw, Y., & Malesi, W. O. A. W. (2026). Artikel Reviu: Dampak Salinitas pada Kesuburan Tanah serta Respons Fisiologi Tanaman. Agroteknika, 9(1), 85-99. https://doi.org/10.55043/agroteknika.v9i1.555
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Johnson, M. P. (2016). Photosynthesis. Essays in Biochemistry, 60(3), 255–273. https://doi.org/10.1042/EBC20160016
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