Integration of Biochar-Banana Stem Compost: An Agronomic-Economic Evaluation for Brazilian Spinach Cultivation on Peat Soil
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Abstract
In addition to food crops, peatland also has potential for vegetable farming, such as Brazilian spinach. The aim of this study is to determine the most effective combination of banana stem biochar and banana stem compost doses for the growth and production of Brazilian spinach, as well as to analyze the feasibility of farming on peat soil. The research was conducted from October 2024 to March 2025 on land owned by farmers in Banyu Urip Village, Tanjung Lago District, Banyuasin Regency, South Sumatra. The Complete Randomized Factorial Design (CRFD) method was used in the study and consisted of two factors. The first factor was the dose of banana stem biochar: 5, 10, 15 tons/ha. The second factor was the dose of banana stem compost: 10, 20, 30, 40 tons/ha. Based on the results, the application of a combination of biochar and banana stem compost interacted significantly in increasing plant height (cm) and number of leaves (pieces) at 3 WAP and 4 WAP, as well as the fresh weight of Brazilian spinach plants at harvest. The length and fresh weight of Brazilian spinach roots at harvest were influenced by the main factors of banana stem biochar and banana stem compost. The combination of banana stem biochar and compost did not significantly increase the pH of peat soil. Based on the farming analysis, Brazilian spinach is viable to cultivate and provides the highest profit by applying 15 tons ha⁻¹ of banana stem biochar combined with 30 tons ha⁻¹ of banana stem compost.
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How to Cite
Sari, S. A., Nur, T. P., Amelia, L., & Gofar, N. (2026). Integration of Biochar-Banana Stem Compost: An Agronomic-Economic Evaluation for Brazilian Spinach Cultivation on Peat Soil. Agroteknika, 9(1), 14-28. https://doi.org/10.55043/agroteknika.v9i1.618
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Liu, R., Yang, L., Zou, Y., & Wu, Q. (2023). Root-associated endophytic fungi modulate endogenous auxin and cytokinin levels to improve plant biomass and root morphology of trifoliate orange. Horticultural Plant Journal, 9(3), 463–472. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hpj.2022.08.009
Mosa, A., Mansour, M. M., Soliman, E., El-Ghamry, A., El Alfy, M., & El Kenawy, A. M. (2023). Biochar as a Soil Amendment for Restraining Greenhouse Gases Emission and Improving Soil Carbon Sink: Current Situation and Ways Forward. Sustainability (Switzerland), 15(2), 1–26. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15021206
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There, U., Badhiye, S., Thakare, G., & Choudhary, V. (2024). Comparative Analysis of the Extraction and Characterization of Cellulosic Fibers and Lignin from Banana Pseudo-Stem and Cotton Stalk for Value Addition. International Journal of Innovative Scientific Research, 2(4), 54–66. https://ijisr.net/ijisr/article/view/27/27
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Aji, B. P., & Priyono, J. (2025). Analisis Kelayakan Usaha Pedagang Buah di Pasar Tanjung Sari Kecamatan Sukomanunggal Kota Surabaya. Jurnal Nirta : Studi Inovasi, 5(1), 9–33. https://ejournal.nlc-education.or.id/index.php/JNSI/article/view/92
Alfarestu, R., Sari, M., Muhelni, L., & Anwar, H. (2025). Analisis Kadar Unsur Hara pada Kompos dari Batang Pisang Kepok (Musa acuminata) dengan Aktivator EM4 dan Air Cucian Beras. Journal of Science Adn Social Research, 8(3), 4702–4710. https://www.jurnal.goretanpena.com/index.php/JSSR/article/viewFile/4197/2074
Alianti, Y., Zubaidah, S., & Saraswati, D. (2016). Tanggapan Tanaman Tomat (Lycopersicum esculentum Mill.) terhadap Pemberian Biochar dan Pupuk Hayati pada Tanah Gambut. Jurnal Agri Peat, 17(2), 115–125. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/325263101_tanggapan_tanaman_tomat_lycopersicum_esculentum_mill_terhadap_pemberian_biochar_dan_pupuk_hayati_pada_tanah_gambut_response_of_tomato_plant_lycopersicum_esculentum_mill_to_the_application_of_biochar_a
Aminah, S., Bancin, S., Amadius Weihan, R., Sari, P. M., & Lisa, O. (2025). Pengaruh Pemberian Berbagai Taraf Dosis Biochar terhadap Pertumbuhan Tanaman Pakcoy (Brassica rapa L.) di Tanah Gambut. Agroscripst: Journal of Applied Agricultural Sciences, 7(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.36423/agroscript.v7i1.2164
Azhar, S., Tambunan, M. I. H., Adlini, M. N., & Sirait, F. A. (2025). Characterization morfology of Nepenthes spp. in the lowlands XIII Koto Kampar District, Riau. Inornatus: Biology Education Journal, 5(2), 71–87. https://doi.org/10.30862/inornatus.v5i2.847
Dharma, A. B., Sujianto, Yustina, Yuliani, F., & Adianto. (2025). Optimizing Peatland Fire Mitigation Policy Through Technology and Innovation. Tec Empresarial, 20(1), 333–352. https://revistas.tec-ac.cr/index.php/tec_empresarial/article/view/554/317
Ellya, H., Nurlaila, N., sari, N. N., Apriani, R. R., Mulyawan, R., & Ismuhajaroh, B. N. (2021). Leaf Morphology of Brazilian Spinach (Alternanthera sissoo) as a Backyard Vegetable. International Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 5(2), 56–59. https://doi.org/10.25077/ijasc.5.2.56-59.2021 http://ijasc.pasca.unand.ac.id/index.php/ijac/article/download/297/77
Flood, K., Wilson, D., & Renou-Wilson, F. (2025). Evidence Synthesis and Knowledge Integration for Sustainable Peatland Management. Land, 14(7), 1–26. https://doi.org/10.3390/land14071397
Goldan, E., Nedeff, V., Barsan, N., Culea, M., Panainte-Lehadus, M., Mosnegutu, E., ..., & Irimia, O. (2023). Assessment of Manure Compost Used as Soil Amendment—A Review. Processes, 11(4), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr11041167
Ikram, E. H. K., Nasir, W. D. N. W. M., & Ikram, N. K. K. (2022). Antioxidant Activity and Total Phenolics Content of Brazilian Spinach (Alternanthera sissoo) and Spinach Cultivarin Malaysia. Malaysian Journal of Medicine and Health Sciences, 18(8), 221–229. https://doi.org/10.47836/mjmhs18.8.29 https://medic.upm.edu.my/upload/dokumen/2022070111274929_0161.pdf
Kunarso, A., Bonner, M. T. L., Blanch, E. W., & Grover, S. (2022). Differences in Tropical Peat Soil Physical and Chemical Properties Under Different Land Uses: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Journal of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, 22(4), 4063–4083. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42729-022-01008-2
Kusuma, E. W. W., Maas, A., Utami, S. N. H., & Maftuah, E. (2021). Effects of rice husk biochar and raised bed on CO2 flux and shallot (Allium cepa L.) production on peatland. Journal of Soil Science and Agroclimatology, 18(2), 159–165. https://doi.org/10.20961/stjssa.v18i2.47974
Li, S., & Tasnady, D. (2023). Biochar for Soil Carbon Sequestration: Current Knowledge, Mechanisms, and Future Perspectives. Journal of Carbon Research, 9(3), 1–30. https://doi.org/10.3390/c9030067
Liu, R., Yang, L., Zou, Y., & Wu, Q. (2023). Root-associated endophytic fungi modulate endogenous auxin and cytokinin levels to improve plant biomass and root morphology of trifoliate orange. Horticultural Plant Journal, 9(3), 463–472. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hpj.2022.08.009
Mosa, A., Mansour, M. M., Soliman, E., El-Ghamry, A., El Alfy, M., & El Kenawy, A. M. (2023). Biochar as a Soil Amendment for Restraining Greenhouse Gases Emission and Improving Soil Carbon Sink: Current Situation and Ways Forward. Sustainability (Switzerland), 15(2), 1–26. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15021206
Naz, M., Dai, Z., Hussain, S., Tariq, M., Danish, S., Khan, I. U., ..., & Du, D. (2022). The soil pH and heavy metals revealed their impact on soil microbial community. Journal of Environmental Management, 321(November), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.115770
Nursia, A., Fikrinda, W., & Widowati, W. (2024). Efek Sinergi Biochar-Kompos pada Tanaman Kedelai (Glycine max L.) di Sawah. Jurnal Agrotek Tropika, 12(3), 549–561. https://doi.org/10.23960/jat.v12i3.7632
Paleckiene, R., Navikaite, R., & Slinksiene, R. (2021). Peat as a raw material for plant nutrients and humic substances. Sustainability (Switzerland), 13(11), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13116354
Sharma, P. K., & Kumar, S. (2023). Soil structure and plant growth. In Soil physical environment and plant growth: Evaluation and management. Cham: Springer International Publishing. https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-031-28057-3
There, U., Badhiye, S., Thakare, G., & Choudhary, V. (2024). Comparative Analysis of the Extraction and Characterization of Cellulosic Fibers and Lignin from Banana Pseudo-Stem and Cotton Stalk for Value Addition. International Journal of Innovative Scientific Research, 2(4), 54–66. https://ijisr.net/ijisr/article/view/27/27
Triyono, L., Gunawan, C. I., & Santosa, B. (2025). Dinamika Usahatani Jeruk: Evaluasi Kelayakan Ekonomi dan Pengaruh Faktor Produksi di Tulungagung. Agrimics Journal, 2(2), 227–241. https://doi.org/10.64118/aj.v2i2.51
Ukalska-Jaruga, A., Bejger, R., Debaene, G., & Smreczak, B. (2021). Characterization of soil organic matter individual fractions (Fulvic acids, humic acids, and humins) by spectroscopic and electrochemical techniques in agricultural soils. Agronomy, 11(6), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11061067
Yameen, M. Z., Naqvi, S. R., Juchelková, D., & Khan, M. N. A. (2024). Harnessing the power of functionalized biochar: progress, challenges, and future perspectives in energy, water treatment, and environmental sustainability. Biochar, 6(1), 1–80. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42773-024-00316-3
Zhou, S., Jiang, Z., Shen, J., Yao, Q., Yang, X., Li, X., ..., & Zhang, Z. (2023). Biochar-amended compost as a promising soil amendment for enhancing plant productivity: A meta-analysis study. Science of the Total Environment, 879(March), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.163067